E Commerce And M Commerce - 1545 Words

SOCIAL In the past few years, new channels to market have come into existence which including e-commerce and m-commerce and have gained popularity rapidly. This has opened up new gateways for the retail sector in the face of the home delivery, and has resulted in the reduction of customer’s footfall. Advances in products themselves have driven change, such as digital downloads of entertainment media from books to computer games. Retailers with numerous stores over the UK perceive that they no more fundamentally need a physical vicinity in each high street so as to accomplish national coverage, and therefore some are reducing their physical presence. Other retailers are innovating their existing space to enable new services and new formats. They are either sharing the space with other service providers or amalgamating into joint ventures regarding the site usage. UK consumer base is demanding, with an emphasis being on convenience, experience and market segmentation. At the same time, lifestyles are also changing. With cyclic employment prevailing in the market and with many people working longer hours than before, has led to consumers demanding a greater choice of high quality goods and services which are convenient and economical. Furthermore, the UK is undergoing an enduring demographic shift towards an older population. The Office for National Statistics projects that by 2033 there will be around 20.5 million people over the age of 60 that accounts for nearly 29% ofShow MoreRelatedE-Commerce Shift Towards Personalization, Dynamic Pricing, and M-Commerce1655 Words   |  7 Pagesinternet bandwidth, the movement from physical shops to online shops and the social acceptance and trust in using the internet for financial transactions. As the internet and E-Commerce become more integrated into our lives they continuingly drive changes in how we work and live as mentioned above. The future of E-Commerce promises to bring further changes in our lives as the internet continues to expand and it is these possible future shifts which I will discuss in further detail. The first shiftRead MoreNew Trends In E-Business: E-Government And M-Commerce Essay1382 Words   |  6 Pagesdue to new technological advances in electronic commerce and mobile commerce. E-commerce has given consumers cheaper products and services, instant delivery, no sales tax and information availability. The changes in the Internet and World Wide Web technologies and services lead to new developments in the way E-government efforts provide services to citizens and businesses, and in the way government handles their internal operations. Evolution of E Business One of the biggest benefits of the InternetRead MoreThe Objectives Of Learning Mobile Electronic Commerce1450 Words   |  6 Pages The objectives of learning Mobile Electronic Commerce are: †¢ To view new and existing Opportunities in MEC. †¢ To understand the nature oforganizations as open systems and reasons for implementing and utilizing e-Commerce. †¢ Modifications that needs to take place in the organizations to effectively implement MEC. †¢ Role of Performance Management in improvingorganization’s performance in e-commerce. †¢ Importance of Customer Orientation in MEC. †¢ Operational and Strategic Outcomesof MEC in order toRead MoreThe Advantages of Mobile Commerce Essay1326 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is M-commerce? The last decade has witnessed a lot of growth of mobile communication devices and wireless technologies across the globe. This has led to a change in the way many activities are conducted and opened the way for m-commerce, which is e-commerces next evolutionary stage. The significant power of m-commerce is primarily as a result of the ability to connect wireless devices anytime, anywhere (The Future of Mobile Payment Systems : Rise of the Mobile Wallet 2012-2017 [ElectronicRead MoreSecurity and Payment Issues Faced by e-commerce Business in the Hospitality Industry978 Words   |  4 Pagesviolations and cyber-attacks to e-commerce systems especially in the hospitality industry. â€Å"In 2011, Trustwave SpiderLabs conducted 42 percent more data breach investigations than in the previous year. More than 85 percent of these data breaches occurred in the food and beverage, retail and hospitality industries.† (Savitz Percoco, 2012). It seems logical that any business would under stand that building a secure business is important to long term success. (Vacca, 2012). 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Business done via wireless or portable devices can be called m commerce. Our mobile phones, smart phones or personal digital assistants acts as a wallet not just for pocket money, but as credit card, coupo ns and anything to make our finances extremely mobile. M commerce cameRead MoreMobile Commerce : Issues Of M Commerce981 Words   |  4 PagesMobile Commerce: Issues in M-Commerce Khadeidra Linder Valdosta State University Mobile Commerce: Issues in M-Commerce Mobile commerce is described to be the buying and selling of goods and services through a mobile device or other handheld wireless device. Mobile commerce is rapidly growing daily. The fact that it is growing brings up many issues for Mobile Commerce. Before I begin the actual detailed information I would like to discuss some history on mobile commerce. M-commerce was reportedlyRead MoreElectronic Payment Social Commerce Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pagesi.e. organizations that conduct their business solely online (Turban E. , Lee, King, McKay, Marshall, 2008), and for this reason e-payment is assumed to be the sole means of payment. (Snellman, Vesala, Humphrey, 2001) Defines e-payments as any payment service that makes use of information and communications technologies including Integrated Circuit (IC) cards, cryptography and telecommunications. However, in this study, e-payment refers to all electronic transactions as payment for goods andRead Morecustomer behaviour1489 Words   |  6 PagesAAP E-COM P 1st Introduction to E-Commerce What is Electronic Commerce? Commerce - The exchange of commodities, buying and selling, of products and services requiring transportation, from location to location is known as commerce. E-Commerce - From a communications perspective, e-commerce is the delivery of information, products/services or payments via telephone lines, Fax, computer networks or any other means. What is Electronic Commerce? From an online perspective, e-commerce provides

Cicero On Duty Essay - 659 Words

Cicero’s definition of duty is a term in which in this course, is far reached than what we would have ever thought duty would stand for. Defining duty can be said to be a commitment or obligation to someone or something that causes them to pursue a certain action. Duty is split into two parts which consist of dealing with what is the â€Å"supreme† good and second, practicing rules which are strictly regulated in all means of daily life. Another classification of duties are duties which are middle or complete. Complete duty is link to being what is â€Å"right†. Middle duty is the reasoning behind why has it been done. When Cicero writes about individual activism we consider the duties that are honorable and dishonorable. What is honorable or†¦show more content†¦Other principles is that of carrying a great spirit. It would help you have courage in your actions and for that reason you will hold honor towards yourself. When Cicero writes about the reasons for why people have duties towards the public sphere he believes that the individual is part of the community. He contributes it all the to belief of Stoicism. Aristotelian is another close source in which we can speak about duties, but Cicero’s true belief was that virtues is key to duty. Stoicism is the school of thought that holds the belief that the only way we can make sense of our own existence is by devoting ourselves to virtues. People who follow this pathway believe that the majority things of daily life are stuff we can’t control, but yet we can contribute our life to society in a better way. Honor is another reason why individuals choose certain choices that lead you to be seen as a noble person in your society. The wide picture is seen towards how the community sees the individuals actions according to the standards in which have been placed. It doesnt seem like an individual would ever perform a duty if honor wasnt the reward. An individual who doesn†™t care for much pleasure would mostly likely seek out honor in the public sphere. In conclusion Cicero comes up with the belief that the main stance on duty should always be honor, because honor is the onlyShow MoreRelatedThe Virtues of the Populace: Cicero Marcus Tullius Essay1029 Words   |  5 PagesCicero’s essay, titled On Duties, presents a practical approach concerning the moral obligations of a political man in the form of correspondence with his young son. Essential to the text, the incentive for Cicero to undertake On Duties emerges from his depleted hope to restore the Republic within his lifetime. Cicero therefore places such aspirations in the hands of his posterity. The foremost purpose of On Duties considers three obstacles, divided into separate Books, when deciding a course ofRead MoreMarcus Tullius Cicero And Mary Wollstonecraft1556 Words   |  7 Pagesan individual. Marcus Tullius Cicero and Mary Wollstonecraft also examined the meaning of identity. In their books—On duties and A Vindication of the Rights of Women With Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects. Both authors describe identity of the individual as being derived or formed through their social roles and education. These two things help distinguish the individual from others and give them virtue, which is essential for forming our identity. Cicero describes that our relationshipsRead MoreInfluence Of A Great Philosopher And The Metaphysic Of Divine Providence1162 Words   |  5 PagesTullius Cicero was born on January 3rd 106 BC in Arpinum and assassinated on the 7th of December 43 BC (Cicero, 2016) Cicero was murdered during the consulship of the 2nd Catilinarian conspiracy. Cicero executed five conspirators during the chaotic latter in the 1st Century BC marked by the civil wars and under the dictatorship of Gaius Julius Caesar. Cicero returned to the republic government after the late Julius Caesar death Cicero became an enemy to Mark Anthony. After a power struggle Cicero wasRead MoreIs Cicero A Roman Orator?996 Words   |  4 PagesCicero was a Roman orator, statesman, lawyer, philosopher, political theorist, poet and much more. He wrote some works reflecting the personal feeling of an emotional and sensitive man. He wanted to understand if what is right and what is advantageous can ever conflict. He concl uded that such confronts can only be apparent, never real, and this gives him occasion to reassert the supremacy of moral considerations over all others. His main idea is to address the confusion of what we value and theRead MoreThe Roman Empire Essay1697 Words   |  7 PagesPersians all left remnants of their laws and beliefs for us to study. Cicero, one of Rome’s most famous statesmen, lawyer and scholar also one of the most prolific writers of his time, left us very vivid descriptions on morality and how to be a virtuous roman citizen. When one looks at the core beliefs of his from ancient times, it is realized that not much divides us now from the men that lived over 2000 years ago. Rome and Cicero had philosophies of what fair and equal treatment was, it was justRead MoreThe Roman Family Essay933 Words   |  4 Pageschildren in theory, but this was not typical or even desirable to society, despite traditional support. Cato the Elder claimed striking a wife or child was sacrilegious, so violent punishments were disagreeable to many Romans. When a man called Cicero effeminate, he quipped that his son, known for prostitution, needed to be spoken to that way by the father instead. While the father had to exercise leniency, he exerted power too. After marriage, the father’s control was transferred to the husbandRead MoreLeadership As A Genre For Arguments Essay1440 Words   |  6 Pagessociety. Marcus Tullius Cicero was born on January 3rd 106 BC in Arpinum and assassinated on the 7th of December 43 BC (Cicero, 2016). Cicero was murdered during the consulship of the 2nd Catilinarian conspiracy by an enemy named Mark Anthony. Cicero executed five conspirators during the chaotic latter in the 1st Century BC marked by the civil wars and under the dictatorship of Gaius Julius Caesar. Cicero’s successful leadership and background traits promoted great abilities. Cicero was a Roman philosopherRead MoreWhy Did The Conspirators Justify The Murder Of Julius Caesar?1297 Words   |  6 Pageswhen they killed Julius Caesar. Firstly, according to the conspirators, one of the critical issues why they murdered Julius Caesar was because he wanted to be a King. He aspired to be the king of Rome and the lord of the entire world (Cicero On duties ex.). This position made him being hated by the common people for the first time (Plutarch Caesar extract 60). When Roman Republic was established in 509 BC it was focused on the issue of liberty, freedom from those who want to be a tyrant orRead MoreEssay on The Conspirators Errored in Murdering Julius Caesar1349 Words   |  6 Pagesto have wanted to be king and was disapproved as Cicero (Cicero Duties Ex. 3.83) expressed that a king `justifies the destruction of law and liberty. Scullard (1988:151) sated that `since many of the conspirators were men who had served Caesar faithfully and could expect further support from him, it must be assumed that their motives were not mean or petty. It appeared that the nobles and aristocrats in Senate set out to restore lib erty as a duty to their state. However, this does not justifyRead MoreVirtue And Its Implications For Individuals And Society1629 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol over vices. Aristotle believed humans are spiritual beings who can rule themselves and maintain a certain dignity. He believed humans can maintain their dignity by controlling their desire of vices, or temptation to sin, by rational thought. Cicero in this regard essentially agreed with Aristotle on what virtue is, he believed virtue was created through man’s ability to reason. Saint Augustine believed virtue was not a natural disposition instead it developed from experience and education.

Term Paper Social Work Ethics Free Essays

string(165) " of interest and a judgment made seeing how the family is an â€Å"upstanding family† and that the Social Worker â€Å"cannot believe that they have having problems†\." Scenario one speaks about a single unemployed mother of two children who is thinking about having an abortion. She decides to make an appointment with a Social Worker about it, however that Social Worker decides that it’s not in the best interest of the client, doesn’t care about her wants and hands her a church pamphlet. Right away I see that there is a direct infraction, as a Social Worker one should never speak of their own beliefs and values when working alongside with a client. We will write a custom essay sample on Term Paper Social Work Ethics or any similar topic only for you Order Now A Social Worker should always put what the client wants, within reason, first, as an act of self-determination for the client. The infraction that I found in the Code of Ethics is the third principle â€Å"Responsibility to Client†, specifically looking at the sub-principles 3. 1 and 3. 4. 3. 1 Speaks of how College members must â€Å"provide clients with accurate and complete information regarding the extent, nature and limitations of any services available to them† (pg. 11 Code of Ethics). As a member of the College, we as Social Workers have a duty to provide all resources available to a client, even if it may not agree with our own personal values, attitudes and beliefs. I also believe that we are responsible to provide accurate information; as a Social Worker I would not turn away a client looking for resources and tell her to go to a church, specifically my own church, and to seek God and forgiveness for thinking of abortion. I think it is important to deal with each situation without any hidden agendas and to look for the best possible outcome for the specific clients requests. 3. 4 Discusses how College members â€Å"do not discriminate against anyone based on race, religion, political affiliation, national origin etc†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 11, Code of Ethics). I think this was appropriate as a sub-principle as it speaks of how this Social Worker in the scenario brings in their own personal values, attitudes and beliefs and uses them against the client seeking professional help. I believe it is a direct infraction of one’s religion and rights as a person. As a Social Worker, I would have spoken to Mrs. Tremblay thoroughly to make sure that this is what she wants, as it is a permanent decision and I would want to make sure that this decision was made purely from her decision and not based on what I have to say. I would have given Mrs. Tremblay resources that are available that she may have wanted, such as hospitals, support groups, counseling services etc, and well as letting Mrs. Tremblay know that if she ever needs extra support that I would be available with a non-judgmental ear. Scenario two speaks of how Mr. Smith feels â€Å"blue† and see’s a Social Worker in therapy, however that Social Worker tells Mr. Smith that he/she is specialized in Mental Health, and diagnoses Mr. Smith with a depressive episode of Bipolar Affective Disorder, and tells the client to start group therapy and take a week vacation to help alleviate the symptoms. From reviewing the case, it would have to depend on whether or not this Social Worker has a Doctorate Degree in Social Work to be able to diagnose the client or not (as mentioned in the footnote from the Advertising principle) however from reading the text, I feel as though this Social Worker believes that he/she has just specialized in the field of Mental Health, and not earned a Doctorate in the field. I found that the infraction happened under second principle of â€Å"Competence and Integrity†, under â€Å"Competence† with the sub-principles 2. . 1 and 2. 1. 3. 2. 1. 1 Discusses how â€Å"members are responsible for being aware of the extent and parameters of their professional scope† (pg. 5, Code of Ethics). I believe that this is a direct infraction to what happened in the scenario. Since the Social Worker believes that they are specialized in the field because it is an area of practice that they have worked in seeing many patients â€Å"like him†, h owever does not have the appropriate credentials, the services are beyond the member’s professional scope of practice. As a Social Worker, and a member of the college, I would follow what the sub-principle says, and recommend for a particular service, refer Mr. Smith to other professionals who are able to legally diagnose Mr. Smith. 2. 1. 3 Discusses how â€Å"College members maintain current knowledge of policies, legislations programs and issues related to the community in their area of practice† (pg. 6, Code of ethics). I think that this was an appropriate sub-principle as it describes that any member of the College should have full knowledge of their boundaries regarding what and what they are not allowed to discuss with clients. If I were the Social Worker in this scenario, I would have talked to Mr. Smith about how he is feeling, to try and see which professional I could recommend Mr. Smith to. I would take notes on what we talked about, such as Mr. Smith feeling withdrawn, poor appetite and loss of sleep and referred him to the professional I feel would fit Mr. Smith the best. I feel as though it would possibly be beneficial to continue seeing Mr. Smith to talk about how he is feeling, and create goals with him if he wanted to continue our services together, however I would not ersonally diagnose Mr. Smith since I do not have a specific Doctorate in that area. Scenario three discusses that an Aboriginal girl is having troubles at home, and was picked up and brought to the Social Workers office. The Social Worker feels conflicted because the family is an â€Å"upstanding† family in the community and that Social Worker cannot believe that they are having family troubles. The Social Worker calls to let the family know that they have the child. With this case, I see that there is a slight of a conflict of interest and a judgment made seeing how the family is an â€Å"upstanding family† and that the Social Worker â€Å"cannot believe that they have having problems†. You read "Term Paper Social Work Ethics" in category "Essay examples" However, I feel as though there wasn’t an infraction made seeing as the Social Worker on the case did not provide any services to the family. The Social Worker was the Worker on hand who initially greeted the child upon the drop-off, therefore has a Duty to Report. The principle that I found this case was a part of was principle of Integrity found under the second principle, and the sub-principle is 2. . 1. 2. 2. 1 Speaks of how â€Å"College members do not engage in professional relationships that constitute of a conflict of Interest†¦ College members do not provide any professional service to a client† (pg. 6, Code of Ethics). Since the Social Worker only perf ormed what their specific task was, and did not provide any professional service to that child, I believe that no infraction was created. If I were a Social Worker on Case, I would have called the family to let the child know that they were in my current care, however I would not engage in any professional relationships since it is a conflict of interest. I would speak to another coworker or supervisor to discuss this conflict, I would write a brief case note describing that I was initially at intake, that I could not continue my professional duty as a Social Worker due to the conflict of interest, and I would write who I passed the case along too. I would also include a signature from my coworker as a trail in case the notes were ever subpoenaed to court. Scenario four discusses how a Social Worker is a full-time worker at a large family counseling agency and maintains a private practice two evenings a week in his/her home office. Since the office has a six month waiting list for services, management asks you to take referrals in your private practice. In this case, there is no infraction. The Social Worker on case is accepting referral’s from other employee’s which is mentioned in the Footnotes of the principle â€Å"Responsibility to Client† which mentions that â€Å"College members may accept referrals from their employees†(pg. 12 Code of Ethics). However, if the case was that the College member is â€Å"soliciting their employer’s clients for private practice† it would be a violation of the sub-principle 3. (pg. 11, Code of Ethics). If I were to be the Social Worker on hand in this case, I would make sure that the only clients I spoke to in terms of coming into my private practice were strictly those who were referred to by other members of the College. I value and believe in the help that can be received when asked for, and by allowing other members to be part of this â€Å"helping movement† we are aiding in their own goals to be reached which helps one with their own values of self-determination. Scenario five discusses how Mr. Smith wants his Social Worker to write up an illness certificate so that he can have a few weeks off work, however Mr. Smith has no problems that would justify getting that time off work, but that Social Worker feels that a week off from work is good for everybody in general. Reading through this I see right away that there is an infraction. There is no reason that Mr. Smith should get a week off work because he has made some progress in therapy, and has been working well on his problems. I see the infraction under the Fourth principle of â€Å"Social Work and Social Service Work records† under the sub-principle 4. . 2. 4. 1. 2 Discusses how â€Å"College members do not make statements in the record†¦ record, issue or sign a certificate, report or other document†¦ that is known to be false, misleading or inaccurate†(pg. 15 Code of Ethics). In this case, the Social Worker feels as though Mr. Smith would benefit from having this week off and decides that it is a good idea, though Mr. Smith has no problems that would qualify him for this week off. In my own opinion, if I were the Social Worker in the case, I would continue to motivate Mr. Smith with his new found self-determination, especially when he is continuing to progress and complete goals that were initially set for him, why would a week off be beneficial. I feel as though that week off may set off a pattern that could lead him back to ground zero. I do not find it appropriate to fill out false information, especially when it could be documented and subpoenaed back to court and could be shown that I went out of my way to favoritize a client because he has made some substantial work in therapy. I would continue to motivate, encourage and work alongside Mr. Smith until he no longer is in need of my services. Scenario six discuses the case of a Social Worker who works in a private practice in a rural town of 5,000 and how a member of the same board would like you to talk to his son since he is having behaviour problems. I see this as an infraction of the second principle â€Å"Integrity† under the sub-principle 2. 2. 1, seeing as the Social Worker and the client know each other on personal terms, it is a direct conflict of interest. . 2. 1 Discusses how â€Å"College members do not engage in professional relationships that constitute a conflict of interest. where College members do not provide a professional service to a client†(pg. 6, Code of Ethics). In this instance, though the Social Worker in the case may be the only Social Worker in the town, he is still one of the few professionals, which means that there are other professionals that may assist his friend Barry and their child. The reason that I find it so important that we do not work with friends, acquaintances, or anyone of the sort that we know outside of our professional spectrum is biases. You cannot work with a client that you know because you will not be able to take a look at the situation with a blind eye. As a side point of the sub-principle, it mentions that doing so, â€Å"avoids conflicts of interest and/or dual relationships with clients† (pg. 6, Code of Ethics), this means that as a Social Worker, having a professional relationship will never interfere with your personal one. It also discusses how â€Å"if the conflict of interest does arise, declaring the conflict of interest and taking appropriate steps to address it could eliminate the conflict† (pg. 6, Code of Ethics), which means that discussing the conflict of interest could avoid the whole situation entirely. If I was the Social Worker working on this case, I would discuss with my friend Barry that there is a conflict of interest and I would not be able to fully give his son the appropriate counseling required because I would be going into the counseling sessions with a hidden agenda. Since the scenario discusses that the Social Worker is one of the few, I feel like I could still reference Barry’s son to other professionals that could still talk to him about the issues that are going on. Scenario seven discusses how there is a custody dispute where both ex-spouses agree to pay 50% of the costs, however something arises where the husband pays his and her halves of the cheque and the social worker decides that since the bill has been paid out in full, there is no need for further discussion about the money issues. From reading on about he case, I read that there is most definitely an infraction, under the principle â€Å"Fee’s† and the sub principle 6. 1. 6. 1 Discusses how â€Å"College members do not charge or accept any fee which is not fully disclosed† (pg. 29, Code of Ethics). From what I gather from the Scenario, the ex-wife was not aware of what the payment outcomes were, and since both spouses originally decided to each pay 50% of the costs I believe that by the Social Worker accepting the full bill and not discussing it with both parties, he is in fact breaking one of the principle’s under the Code of Ethics. If I was the social worker in this scenario, I would allow for both parties’ to be aware of what is happening in the custody dispute, that way there if one party is not fully accepting of what is going on, we can go ahead to figure out what the next best step is. I believe that it is important to keep both sides completely involved in the case when it, at the end involves both ex-husband and ex-wife. I, as a Social Worker value honesty and view this scenario as not being fair to both parties involved. I also believe that if this instance were to be subpoenaed to court, and the wife finds out that the husband paid her half out, and it shows that I took that money, I feel as though my professional license could be jeopardized due to the lack of honesty. Scenario eight discusses how Rachel has been referred to a mental health agency from a local Child and Family Agency in a first nation community. Rachel has two children between the ages of 5 and 7and is trying to get out of an abuse relationship. Rachel’s sister-in-law (husband’s sister) works for the Child and Family Center, and wants to find out the update on Rachel’s situation. Personally I found this to be a complicated situation, where I would definitely want to discuss with other co-workers about their opinions for extra feedback of the best scenario. Right away I thought of the fact that Rachel’s kids are young, being 5 and 7, as soon as they enter a Shelter for Women leaving abusive relations, Children and Family Services must be called as it is a Duty to Report. However, if Rachel’s sister in law was, for instance the woman who took the initial call, it would be in her best interest to follow the rules of it being a conflict of interest and to pass the call to another worker. In this scenario it also speaks to the fact that Rachel discloses that she is worried that Richard will find out where she is, which is when the Social Worker got a call from the sister-in-law asking for an update. This Social Worker is working in a Mental Health Agency, so the only outcome I can see it being appropriate would be to say that the children are no longer in your care, and that if there is any more details that need to be discussed, a confidentiality form must be signed by all parties included and that information must be relayed to the worker in charge of the case. Therefore, I realized that there was an infraction made regarding the fifth principle of confidentiality, under the sub-principles 5. 1 and 5. 3. 6. 5. 1 Discusses how â€Å"college members comply with applicable privacy and other legislations†¦ use of disclosure of client information including personal information, unless otherwise permitted by law† (pg. 23, code of Ethics). This discusses how unless there was a consent signed by the parties involved that allows for members of the College to speak to each other, nothing should be said that can put any client in risk. Therefore as mentioned earlier, unless there was a confidentiality form signed by all parties, and that Rachel’s sister in law was in fact on the case, this is a direct infraction. 5. 3. 6 Describes how â€Å"College members do not disclose the identity of and/or information about a person who has consulted or retained them unless the person consents† (pg. 24, Code of Ethics). As mentioned earlier, I believe that no information should ever be relayed to any other member of parties involved due to the fact that it can be a direct breach of confidentiality. In my opinion, if information is ever let out to the wrong person, that client can be put in direct harm, and even possibly killed. As mentioned earlier, I would go about this by every precaution available to make sure that my client is in the best situation for safety. I would speak to other co-workers to get a second opinion and I would go about every safety precaution from signing consent forms to discussing with those on the case from all parties involved about what is best for the client, since that is what my main priority is. Scenario nine discusses how a Registered Social Worker with a Master’s degree and 20 years in psychiatric settings has a 95% success rate in treating depression. Many clients tell the Social Worker that they are a Doctor because they believe strongly in the skills used. I found that this is an infraction as the Social Worker is not a registered Doctor and as a Social Worker should firmly state their position in the School of Social Work. The Principles that I found the infractions under are â€Å"Advertising† and the sub-principles 7. 1. 6, 7. 3. 3. 7. 1. 6 States that embers â€Å"cannot claim a special advantage that is unsupported by professional or scientific evidence† (pg. 31, Code of Ethics). Personally I feel like the Social Worker in this scenario is telling his clients that by having a 95% success rate and that many clients refer to the Social Worker as a â€Å"Doctor† when no doctorate degree was ever received is an infraction of that rule. The S ocial Worker should be firm and honest with the clients stating that he is not a Doctor, however they have specialized in the field for 20 years, creating a great rapport with clients among the community. . 3. 3 States firmly that â€Å"College members correct whenever possible, false, misleading, or inaccurate information regarding qualification or services†(Pg. 32, Code of Ethics). I believe that this was a main sub-principle that was being broken. As opposed to the social worker stating that they were in fact not a Doctor, nor did he have a doctorate’s degree, the Social Worker carried on and laughed about the comments being made. As mentioned earlier, the Social Worker involved should have mentioned to all clients calling him â€Å"Doctor†, that he is in fact, just specialized in his field. As a Social Worker in this case, I would only mention what was known as true fact when it came time to speak to clients, if they assumed I was a doctor, I would correct them and state facts such as â€Å"No, not a Doctor, however, I have my masters in Social Work, and I’ve specialized in the Mental Health field for over 20 years†. I believe that honesty is what is important when it comes down to making a rapport with clients, that it is important to me as a Social Worker to be aware of these types of infractions so that there is no gray area in our sessions together as client and Social Worker. Scenario ten speaks of a Social Worker who receives a call from Pat, a potential client, which turns out that the client cannot get services from you however you refer the client to other counseling agencies. Two and a half years later, the social worker meets Pat once again and hit things off, where a sexual relationship begins. Personally, I do not see this as an infraction due to the principle of â€Å"Sexual Misconduct†, under the sub-principles 8. 8. However if circumstances were shorter and it had not been a year, this would be an infraction of 8. 6 due to the fact of the relationship starting at time of referral. 8. 8 Discusses how â€Å"sexual relationships between College members and clients whom the members have provided social work or social service work services are prohibited for a period of one (1) year following the termination of the professional relationship† (pg. 6 Code of Ethics). In my opinion, and from what I have read, the Social Worker and client discussed the situation briefly and two and a half years later have met up once again. I do not see that as a direct infraction, however if it had been short of a year, and the client had by chance worked with the Social Worker at hand to get help, there would be an infraction under the sub-principle 8. 6. 8. 6 Speaks of how †Å"sexual relations between College members and clients at any time during the professional relationship are prohibited. College members do not have sexual relations with any person who they’ve had a professional relationship due to the risk of creating a conflict of interest† (pg. 35, Code of Ethics). Explaining in fact that if Pat and the Social Worker did have a professional and Sexual relationship, they would be creating an infraction directly. As a Social Worker, I value, and believe that is it important to respect clients as people, and not take advantage of the vulnerability they may be facing once taking a step further to discuss deep rooted and personal issues with be, as a Social Worker. I believe that there is a rule placed for a reason and that it would not be fair to any people seeking my own personal help to take advantage of their vulnerability (intentionally or not) and use it while having a professional relationship with the client as well. Scenario eleven discusses how there is a Social Worker in an Aboriginal mental health agency, who has a specific client Mary Lou, who is about to terminate her treatment with the Social Worker since she has completed her goals. As a thank you gift, she has made a dream catcher for the Social Worker out of love and appreciation. Personally I do not feel that there is any infraction in this case, seeing as it was not a sexual misconduct for Mary Lou to give the gift and for the Social Worker to accept it a â€Å"thank-you gift†. Just to be certain however, I would look at the principle â€Å"Relationship to Client† under the sub-principle 1. 7. 1. 7 Discusses how â€Å"College members employed by organizations maintain an awareness and consideration of the purpose, mandate and function of those organizations and how they may limit professional relationships with clients† (pg. , Code of Ethics). I believe that in this statement it displays that College members must keep their relationship in mind when working alongside with clients. I believe that there would be a significant problem if the clients were offering us fee’s on the side, â€Å"tips† almost, or that the client has found an emotional love for the worker, however this is not the case. As a Social Worker, I believe t hat there is nothing better than knowing that one appreciates what you’ve done for them in terms of creating that rapport. I believe that there is a specific reason why we all chose to get into this program, and helping others is a major reason, if it wasn’t, why else would it be? I do not believe that there is anything wrong with a gift of appreciation, especially one that demonstrates their culture. I value the rapport that we build with clients and the things we learn from each of the cases that we work on we are able to learn and grow each time. Works Cited Ontario College of Social Workers and Social Service Workers. (2008). Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice Handbooks . Toronto : Ontario College of Social Workers and Social Service Workers. How to cite Term Paper Social Work Ethics, Essays

Microsoft Monopoly or Not Essay Example For Students

Microsoft Monopoly or Not Essay A battle has raged in the United States courts between the U.S. government and the Microsoft Corporation, headed by Bill Gates, since 1990. The federal government has maintained that Microsofts monopolistic practices are harmful to United States citizens, creating higher prices and potentially downgrading software quality, and should therefore be stopped, while Microsoft and its supporters claim that they are not breaking any laws, and are just doing good business. Microsofts antitrust problems began for them in the early months of 1990, when the Federal Trade Commission began investigating them for possible violations of the Sherman and Clayton Antitrust Acts, which was designed to stop the formation of monopolies. After several years of investigation, in August of 1993, the FTC finally decided to hand the case over to the Department of Justice. The Department of Justice moved quickly, with Anne K. Bingaman, head of the Antitrust Division of the D.O.J., leading the way. The case was finally ended on July 15th, 1994, with Microsoft signing a consent settlement. The settlement focused on Microsofts selling practices with computer manufacturers. Up until now, Microsoft would sell MS-DOS and Microsofts other operating systems to original equipment manufacturer (OEMs) at a 60% discount if that OEM agreed to pay a royalty to Microsoft for every single computer that they sold regardless if it had a Microsoft operating system installed on it or not. After the settlement, Microsoft would be forced to sell their operating systems according to the number of computers shipped with a Microsoft Operating system installed, and not for computers with other operating systems. Another practice that the Justice Department accused Microsoft of was that Microsoft would specify a minimum number of operating systems that the retailer had to buy, thus eliminating any chance for another operating system vendor to get their system installed until the retailer had installed all of the M icrosoft operating systems that it had to sell. In addition to specifying a minimum number of operating systems that a vendor had to buy, Microsoft also would sign contracts with the vendors for long periods of time such as two or three years. In order for a new operating system to gain popularity, it would have to do so quickly, in order to show potential buyers that it was worth purchasing. With Microsoft signing long term contracts, they eliminated the chance for a new operating system to gain the popularity needed. The second issue that Microsoft had to face was when they were accused of tying.Tying is the practice in which Microsoft would use their leverage in one market area, such as graphical user interfaces, to gain leverage in another market, such as operating systems, where they may have stiff competition. In the preceding example, Microsoft would use their graphical user interface, Windows, to sell their operating system, DOS, by offering discounts to manufacturers that p urchased both MS-DOS and Windows, and threatening to not sell Windows to companies who did not also purchase DOS. In the end, Microsoft decided to suck it up and sign the settlement agreement. In signing the agreement, Microsoft did not actually have to admit to any of the alleged charges, but were able to escape any type of formal punishment such as fines and the like. The settlement that Microsoft agreed to prohibits it, for the next six and a half years from: Charging for its operating system on the basis of computer shipped rather than on copies of MS-DOS shipped, imposing minimum quantity commitments on manufacturers, signing contracts for greater than one year, tying the sale of MS-DOS to the sale of other Microsoft products. Although these penalties were placed to put an end to all of Microsofts evil practices, some people thought that they were not harsh enough and that Microsoft should have been split up to put a stop to any chance of them forming a true monopoly of the ope rating system market and of the entire software market. On one side of the issue, there are the people who feel that Microsoft should be left alone, at least for the time being. With Microsoft creating the standards for the rest of the computer industry, they are able to create better standards and build them much faster than if an outside organization or committee were to create them. With these standards set, other companies are able to create their applications and other products that are much faster, better, and thus the customers receive that much better of a product. Another conclusion that many anti-Microsoft people and other people around the world jump to is that the moment that we have a company such as Microsoft, who is very successful, they immediately think that there must be something wrong, that they have to be doing something illegal or immoral to have become this immense. Contrary to popular belief, Microsoft has not gained its enormous popularity through monopolist ic and illegal measures, but instead through superior products. One of the biggest proponents of government intervention into the Microsoft issue is Netscape Communications, based out of Mountain View, California. Netscape filed lawsuits accusing Microsoft of tying. This time, Microsoft started bundling their World Wide Web browser, Internet Explorer 3.0, into their operating system, Windows 95. Netscape is the maker of Netscape Navigator, which was the most widely used Internet browser on the market at this time. Netscape says that in addition to bundling the browser, Microsoft was offering Windows at a discount to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), to feature Internet Explorer on the desktop of the computers that they shipped, thus elimination any competition for space on the desktop by rival companies such as Netscape. If the OEM wants to give the consumer a fair and even choice of browsers by placing competitors browser icons in a comparable place on the desktop. .u1f3230cc1da988b6413c9bca883bd2de , .u1f3230cc1da988b6413c9bca883bd2de .postImageUrl , .u1f3230cc1da988b6413c9bca883bd2de .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1f3230cc1da988b6413c9bca883bd2de , .u1f3230cc1da988b6413c9bca883bd2de:hover , .u1f3230cc1da988b6413c9bca883bd2de:visited , .u1f3230cc1da988b6413c9bca883bd2de:active { border:0!important; } .u1f3230cc1da988b6413c9bca883bd2de .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1f3230cc1da988b6413c9bca883bd2de { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1f3230cc1da988b6413c9bca883bd2de:active , .u1f3230cc1da988b6413c9bca883bd2de:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1f3230cc1da988b6413c9bca883bd2de .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1f3230cc1da988b6413c9bca883bd2de .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1f3230cc1da988b6413c9bca883bd2de .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1f3230cc1da988b6413c9bca883bd2de .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1f3230cc1da988b6413c9bca883bd2de:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1f3230cc1da988b6413c9bca883bd2de .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1f3230cc1da988b6413c9bca883bd2de .u1f3230cc1da988b6413c9bca883bd2de-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1f3230cc1da988b6413c9bca883bd2de:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Breakfast club Essay The most recent events in the case against Microsoft is that the government is rumored to be working on a proposal that would force Microsoft to open up its source code and sell a stripped down version of Windows. There is also expected to be a limited or complete ban on bundling of Microsoft products. If they are forced to release their code, this will make it so anyone can change Windows to suit their needs. It will also benefit companies such as Sun Microsystems, Apple Computers, and distributors of Linux. Opening the Windows code will allow these companies and many others get inside the Windows code and see exactly how its gears turn. They will be able to create operating systems that are branches of Windows that run in a way that best fits their needs, all at Microsofts expense. This will also create havoc in the entire software industry with everything from business applications to video games. When there is a superior product, everyone else will want to know how it works and s ue to find out their secrets. With all the information that has been presented for both sides of the issue, you are probably left in a daze, not knowing what to think. Is Microsoft good or is Microsoft bad. Well, I would have to say a little of both. Even though the Justice Department found that Microsoft might be practicing some techniques that are less than ethical, they did not find that Microsoft was breaking any anti-trust laws, nor did Microsoft admit to the accusations when they signed the agreement. If anything, when they signed the agreement, it was more of a sorry than a full-fledged admission of guilt, but they continue to get hammered upon and probably will be for a long time. Bibliography:Anti Trust Case Filings. http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/cases/ms_index.htm. Microsoft PressPass. Microsoft Corporation. http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/legalnews. Nader, Ralph. Consumer Harm in the Microsoft Case. http://www.cptech.org/ms/harm.html. Seltzer, Larry. Open source, standards, and Windows. Jan. 17, 2002. http://techupdate.zdnet.com/techupdate/stories/main/0,14179,2840266,00.html. Seltzer, Wendy. http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/msdoj/archive.html. US vs. Micorsoft: The Appeal, CNN. http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/microsoft.case/US vs. Microsoft, Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/business/specials/microfttrial/Wilcox, Joe. States get tough in Microsoft Case. Jan. 7, 2001, CNET News. http://news.com.com/2100-1001-276744.html?legacy=cnets.asp.

Information Safeguard Assurance in Firm

The necessity for information assurance Information as any other organizational asset needs to be safeguarded against destruction, manipulation or exploitation by the firm’s competitors or criminals. The process of information assurance is aimed at addressing these particular threats (Blyth Kovacich, 4). The information can be the key to the company’s competitive advantage, its excellent operational performance, technological secrets and so forth. Besides, one has to remember about such confidential data as bank accounts, emails, telephone numbers, or addresses.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Information Safeguard Assurance in Firm specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These data cannot be made accessible to the outsider or any other person who can use it for criminal purposes. The company I would like to refer to is SABIC (Saudi Basic Industries Corporation); it manufactures plastics, metals, chemical s, and fertilizers (SABIC, unpaged). The information that is of the greatest value to this company is the data about manufacturing processes, financial and operational performance, and the information about their investors. Thus, the importance of information assurance should not be underestimated because information can be one of the most valuable assets of the company. Overall, the process of information assurance consists of several elements such as classification of informational assets, identification and evaluation of various threats, search for hypothetical vulnerabilities of the protection system, and development of strategies. These are the key components of this process. Risk management and information assurance In order to map out effective information assurance strategies, one should identify and assess possible threats, the organization is exposed to. The main goal is to estimate their impact and probability. The most common threats are as follows: Unauthorized intrusi on into the website; Leakage of information that occurs mostly due to the carelessness of employees; Physical destruction of data. It is very difficult to evaluate these risks in terms of their impact but as it may depend upon the type of organization, its size and structure. These problems can be caused by cyber attacks, piggy-backing, impersonation, virus attack, lack of security measures, etc (Blyth Kovacich, 14). By identifying and estimating these threats, the company can single out the weaknesses of their security system and close loopholes that can be used by the intruders. The company’s policies, relevant to information assurance There are several policies of the companies that can affect the process of information assurance. The first one is organizational policy. In this case, we need to speak primarily about workplace hierarchy and accessibility of the information. The management of leading companies spends much time determining what kind of information should be made available to various employees, and how they should get access to it. In flat organizations[1], the employees have more or less equal access to the information, whereas in bureaucratic organizations, the level of access depends upon the status of the employee (Information Resources Management Association, 761).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In flat organizations the risk of security breach is generally much higher. This is an example of how organizational policies may impact information assurance. Technological policies are also crucial for this process. For example, the security officer has to determine what kind of technologies the company is using and whether they are vulnerable to such threats as cyber attacks, power cuts, or viruses. Finally, the term management policy includes several elements; one of them is the relations between the executive officers and the ir subordinates. For instance, managers, who adopt autocratic style, usually avoid sharing information with the employees. This minimizes the security risk, but leads to other problems such as lack of initiative. In turn, the managers, preferring democratic style, may share certain data with his/her subordinates, but this also increases the possibility of a security threat. Works Cited Blyth Andrew Kovacich Gerald. Information assurance: security in the information environment. London: Springer Science Business. 2006. Print. Information Resources Management Association. International Conference, Mehdi Khosrowpour. Challenges of information technology management in the 21st century: 2000 Information Resources Management Association International Conference. NY: Idea Group Inc. 2000 Print. Saudi Basic Industries Corporation. The Official Website. 2010. Available at: https://www.sabic.com/en Footnotes Those, which have few levels of workplace hierarchy. This essay on Information Safeguard Assurance in Firm was written and submitted by user Paula M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Analysis of the Anti-Hero in the movie Blow essays

Analysis of the Anti-Hero in the movie Blow essays Why is it that in life we come across so many people who we know that we shouldnt care about, but we do any way? They could be committing the most horrible crimes but there is something that still draws us to them. We can identify with them, they mystify us and we do care, we dont want anything to happen to them. In movies, when we see this type of person on screen, we distinguish them by calling them the antihero. Their image is created by numerous good and bad qualities that make them who they are. In the movie Blow, the main character, George Jung, played by Johnny Depp is considered to be the antihero. George Jung is an only child coming from a lower class family. His father works extremely hard to provide a proper life for his son and wife. However, no matter how hard he works, his wife is never happy. George has a rough childhood. He has to constantly watch his father and mother fight. His mother takes everything for granted while his father struggles to keep the family surviving. George continues to become more distant from his mother and develops a strong relationship with his father. George takes sympathy for his father and hates how they have to live. He vows to his father that when he gets older, he never wants to be poor. His father replies to him that he never would, but also tells him that money doesnt matter. This will come to be one of the biggest and hardest lessons that George learns the hard way. George grows up and realizes he needs to get out of the suburbs where everything went wrong for him and his family. George has a good heart and is very friendly, but he has one major downfall. This is the fact that he is very lazy. He wants money but he doesnt want to have to work for it. This is how everything gets started and is how he gets involved with dealing cocaine. George creates a whole new life for himself and has numerous close friends. He is having the...

History of Psyhiatric Threatment in United States Essay

History of Psyhiatric Threatment in United States - Essay Example Before looking to present efforts to mental illness, it is important to look to the history of the historical efforts to challenge this issue in the United States. Before World War 2, people with mental illness in the colonial America were taken care of by their families or secluded caregivers. Those who were not taken care of by either of these were taken care of by the native community. According to McKenzie, Pinger, and Kotecki, population growth in the 1700s led to the institutionalization of people with mental illness (2011). Although they began institutionalization, the houses they were housed in were exceptionally dilapidated. The conditions deteriorated in the end of the 1700s and 1800s due to growth in populace, which led to increase in number of people with mental illness. This resulted in the building of Pennsylvania mental infirmity hospital by Doctor Thomas Bond in 1751 as an effort to disconnect these people according to the type of the disability (Niles, 2010). The con ditions in this institution were inferior because the caregivers were unable to reinforce patients for self-control, and this resulted to physical restrictive practical. Susceptible funding by the government to these institutions discouraged their health workers; therefore, treatment and care of the mentally ill became nearly non-existent. However, by 1940, population growth in the states’ mental institutions declined funding by the government and few workers resulted to only survival care being provided to people suffering from mental illness. To solve these problems, there was an introduction of electroconvulsive therapy and lobotomy treatments (Portal, Suck and Hinkle, 2010). In electroconvulsive treatment, convulsions were produced in the patient by use of electric current which is in use to date due its convenience, whereas, in lobotomy the nerves fibers of the brain are detached by surgical cut (Sundararaman, 2009). However, it was after Moniz won the Nobel Prize that t he lobotomy practices became famous, though, it was made irrelevant by the introduction of antipsychotic and anti-depressive drugs in 1950s. After World War 2, several factors led to government involvement in mental illness care. National hope for mentally ill people, military experts and civilian testaments led to passage of act of National mental health, which established NIMH. The reasons why the NIMH was established were to nurture and assist investigation associated to the cause, analysis and neuropsychiatric illnesses (Wendy, 2007). To provide training and give grants to people who were working in mental institutions, and, to assist the government on deterrence and handling of people with mental illness. This era was still characterized by deinstitutionalization of people who were suffering from mental illness that resulted to less care being taken to them. According to Wendy, in 1950s, the public got involved in the conditions of mental ill people and this led to new approach es of attending to mentally ill people (2007). These improved the treatment of mental ill people because many organizations emerged and later merged to work as one in funding their treatments. In 1980s, augmentation of poor homeless people in US resulted to an increase in populace of the mentally ill. This was solved by passage of parity legislation, which gave mental ill people equal coverage like any other person. This was

Cell Components Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cell Components - Essay Example In many ways, plant cells are similar to other eukaryotic cells. They have (usually just) one nucleus, organelles, a plasma membrane, and (almost all of them) share connections to adjacent cells. Cell walls and chloroplasts are the major plant cell distinctive features (Bowes, 1996). Protein synthesis occurs at tiny organelles called ribosomes. Ribosomes are composed of a large subunit and a small subunit. Ribosomes can be found alone in the cytoplasm, in groups called polyribosomes, or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (Bowes, 1996). The cytoplasm is a jellylike substance. It contains the nucleus and other cell structures (organelles). The cytoplasm contains enzymes, and most of the chemical reactions take place there. Cytoplasm operates as a "molecular soup" that binds together all of the cell's organelles, and separates the organelles within the cell. Cytoplasm is believed to be the origin of cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton supports movement of the cell as well as its anatomy through the cytoplasmic streaming. This occurs when the cytoskeleton moves to press the cell membrane it is then when the cytoplasm moves and occupies the empty space (Francis, 1996). Work Cited Bowes, Bryan.G. (1996). A Color Atlas of Plant Structure. London, UK: Manson Publishing. Francis, Dennis. (2001). The Plant Cell Cycle and Its Interfaces. London, UK: CRC

Thomson company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Thomson company - Assignment Example Thomson operates in UK from more than 650 stores. Thomson Airways which is part of the company is the largest charter airline in UK and was founded in the year 1962. Thomson operates its services from around 23 airports of the country (Thomson, 2012). Aspects of Development Tourism is a valuable sector and is fast growing into a major sector worldwide, contributing significantly towards world economy. Tourism is greatly affected by the economic crisis, political instability, terrorism, etc. which altogether have a negative impact on a country’s economy (Ryu, n. d). Tourism influences lives of many communities around the globe. There are both perceived and real fears associated with the tourism industry and can be related to ineffectively managed ventures of mass tourism. As far as economic activity is concerned, tourism can also have negative impacts on the economy along with the communities residing in that particular country. These negative impacts are required to be measure d and analysed to develop a solution in order to yield a positive result. Aspects of development in context to tourism are important but may also lead to the loss of cultural identities by destinations in order to meet the demands of global customers (Gawler.Sa, n. d, p. 1). Sustainable development is related to the factors such as environmental, economic and social, which greatly impacts the tourism industry. Tourism that addresses the needs and preferences of the communities, environment, visitors and industry can be said to be on the path of sustainable development. In order to attain sustainable development; Thomson needs to consider various aspects of tourism industry such as economic, socio-cultural and environmental. This will not only ensure a good opportunity for the company to develop itself into a global player but will also contribute in attaining large market share. The sustainable development for Thomson will not be restricted to particular destinations but will have a broader application to different forms of tourism such as niche tourism and mass tourism. Thomson is also required to establish a balance between economic, socio-cultural and environmental aspects to attain longevity in sustainable development. Thomson Sheraton is required to ensure that: 1) It should make best use of resources related to the environment as it forms key component in development of tourism. 2) Value the socio-cultural legitimacy of host communities. It should preserve their traditional values and cultural heritage. 3) Ensure long-term and viable economic procedures, providing benefits to stakeholders. The company must look towards opportunities of earning income and contributing towards the welfare of host communities. The aspects of development for Thomson would further require monitoring of impacts of tourism and accordingly taking the taking right measures to deal with the problems associate, if any. Sustainable development should also deal with the customer sati sfaction while ensuring a great experience to customers (Sdt.Unwto, n.d). Positioning in the Global Tourism Market Positioning can be defined as the way a company or a product is positioned in the minds of the consumers. It is can be noted that the product of company may be created in the factory but the brand of the company is created in the consumer’

The Benefits Of Bilingualism Toward Career Advancement English Language Essay

The Benefits Of Bilingualism Toward Career Advancement English Language Essay Being fluent in more than one language has not been popular until this past decade. Since the Internet has made our world smaller, more and more businesses have become global and have a lot of branches all over the world. They hire both local and international personals. When the demand of bilingual workers is higher, being able to communicate more than one language has become a better choice for students and adults. Nowadays, there are many skills that can make your job application and resume stand out from other competitions. The ability to communicate a foreign language is very valuable in many career fields, such as teachers, government officials, or social workers. Bilingualism attracts international employers, helps to better understand diverse customers, and has more financial perks. First of all, being bilingual attracts international employers. Since more and more businesses become interconnected, with companies establishing branches abroad and hiring from local people, it is important that employees in the states increase their marketability. In Foreign Language Needs of US Businesses, William Kordsmeier, Joe Arn, and Betty Rogers explore how US multicultural firms are in need of foreign language speakers. The authors study which language is the most in demand language by the US businesses, and how the firms prefer an applicant with two or more fluency in foreign languages. They also show that foreign language fluency is the initial reason to hire someone for a multicultural firm (169-71). Similarly, in Cultural and Linguistic Ambidexterity, Peter Galuszka explains that employers in a global economy look to hire bilingual and multilingual students as soon as they graduate from the University of Texas at El Paso, also known as UTEP. Galuszka shows that UTEP is situated near the US-Mexico border, and it has economic appeal in itself. Plus, the students who attend UTEP are from both the US and Mexico, so most of them speak both English and Spanish (29-31). Both articles foreground the idea of international firms are interested in hiring more bilingual or multilingual candidates. To emphasize that more businesses look to hire more bilingual personals, Kordsmeier, Arn, and Rogers cites Inman who states Proficiency in a foreign language is highly desirable in the marketplace. Whereas many fields seek employees, who possess foreign language proficiency in addition to expertise in the particular disciplines, the field of business places the greatest emphasis on both foreign language capability and knowledge of a specific subject area. (169) The authors are suggesting that more businesses prefer employees who are able to communicate in another language, in addition to other skills that those employees already possess. Similarly, Galuszka cites Michael Hissam, a Delphis regional director for communications in Mexico, who says work starts at 5 a.m. so specialists can be in touch with other Delphi teammates across the world, from Asia to Europe, to the United States (30). This means that Delphi is an international business and has divisions all over the world. Because of how they have to communicate with every part of the world, they need staff that can at least speak two or more languages. As you can see that both articles emphasize how important it is for a global business to have efficient bilingual or multilingual personals. Secondly, being bilingual can help the company to better understand the need of diverse customers. If the company is in an area with a diverse population, being bilingual has a big advantage. In Cultural and Linguistic Ambidexterity, Galuszka states it might sound like a no-brainer that being bilingual or multilingual helps students planning a career Whats more, being able to go beyond mere language ability and understand cultural distinctions are extra advantages (29). This shows that not only understanding the language is important, but to have deeply knowledge of the culture of the spoken language is also even more significant. Similarly, in Fluency in a foreign language can translate into a world of professional possibilities, Sonja Brown Stokely writes about an experience of an African-American man named Edward Harley, who teaches English in Japan. In order for Harley to be able to teach English, he is required to be fluent in Japanese and understand Japanese culture. Harley is currently working in New York City as a copy editor. He handles all clients from Japan for the company and makes sure that everything goes smoothly with no misunderstanding between cultures (126). As you can see that both articles emphasize that bilingual can help the company to better understand the need of diverse customers, it opens the connections between the firm and the customer. Understanding the culture is also a factor of earning customers loyalty to the business. Lastly, bilingualism has more financial perks. As a bilingual employee, you have the benefit of being able to negotiate a higher salary because the business with bilingual staff can also attract more diverse customers. Therefore, the more bilingual acquaintances, the more money you earn. To support this claim, in Fluency in a foreign language can translate into a world of professional possibilities, Stokely says In some careers in the US, the ability to speak and write languages such as Spanish, French, or German is looked upon as having a specialized skill. And employers are willing to pay for that skill. For example, in Los Angeles and Santa Barbara, California, police officers and fire fighters can make an extra 5% to 10% on their salaries if they are fluent in Spanish (126). Stokely is suggesting that being fluent in another language can help you earn more in your career. Her article is full of examples of a few people who succeed because of being a bilingual. Another support for the claim is about a sales position, which is also where the second language skills are in high demand. A sales person is able to speak Spanish and he earns from commission. He is the only salesman who can speak Spanish at that company, therefore he handles all the Spanish customers. So, he is the only one that earns the highest commission (128). Similarly, in rewarding workplace bilingualism, Amado M. Padilla explores the economic gain of being bilingual. He asks a series of questions to different fields of business. The overall result is that bilingual gets paid more than their peers. To support the claim, he writes A hotel manager or a customer-service representative who knows English and Spanish or English and Korean may look much better at promotion time than one who knows only English (21). This shows that being bilingual adds a chance to being considered to get promoted and advance further in your career. Both articles foreground the idea that being bilingual has more financial perks and adds a chance to get promoted easily. In conclusion, being bilingual or multilingual has benefits toward career advancement. It helps your application or resume stand out when you apply for a job at a global company that has many divisions around the world. Being bilingual can also help you reach further for customers in a diverse society, as you understand more of their cultures. This leads to gaining more clients for the company and therefore earning more salaries and promotions toward you.

A Digital Nation :: Internet Technology Technological Essays

A Digital Nation Have you ever heard someone say that we live in a digital nation? Do you know what a digital nation is? Well you should know because you are living in one. Our nation revolves around the use of computers. Can you go through a normal day without using something computer related? I don't think so. Many everyday things that you take for granted are computer based, such as: ATM's, credit cards, grocery check outs, and gas stations to name a few. I support Jon Katz's article The Netizen: Birth of a Digital Nation. Our nation would be a totally different place today if the computer was never invented. Computers have evolved incredibly in the past few years. Programs on computers help to make schools more organized and are used many times a day. Today most of the student's records are kept on a computer instead of in filing cabinets. Such as records of shots, attendance, grades, test scores, any problems the child has, and many others. With computers you can pull up a child's file within seconds instead of having to find the file in a cabinet, which could take several minutes. Computers keep all the files organized and make finding things easier for teachers, which helps them to get more things done in their busy day. Many teachers when assigning papers require them to be typed. Typed papers are a lot easier to read then hand written ones. Having a typed paper cuts down on the time needed to grade the papers and makes reading them a lot easier. Before computers, the time teachers needed to grade twenty papers was maybe four hours and now they can grade them in about two hours. Computers allow us to communicate with people all over the world. Thanks to the Internet you can talk with people from other counties and get a response within a few seconds. Instead if you had written a letter you might not get a response for weeks. The Internet also allows people who don't know each other to meet and become friends. Being able to connect to the Internet allows families to stay in touch even though they live thousands of miles away. The capabilities of being online makes things so much easier and faster, which we need, in order to keep up with the fast paced world we live in.

A Study of Globalisation Essay

Executive Summary This paper attempts to make sense of globalisation from a social and business perspective. Initially I will talk briefly about globalisation within our community and the different stand points those communities and individuals have taken; for and against globalisation. I will then talk about the multinational companies that have made the phenomenon of globalisation possible and these companies various impacts on societies and local communities around the world. The topic is further analysed by using multinational food retailing companies in Latin America as a case study. Displayed to the reader through this case will be a clear indication of how local communities and in particular their farmers are affected by globalisation and multinational companies. There are many different views on globalisation; and those against it oppose many different aspects of it. One of the countless reasons why there are anti-globalisation activists is due to the following: Multinational food retailing companies, the backbone of what is known as ‘globalisation’ within the supermarket industry, have in many cases entered small farming communities around the globe and destroyed a way of life for many of the farmers and labourers around them. Within Latin America these farmers have been forced to flee their homes to find refuge within the slums of the urban sprawls within their cities or even to cross borders into the USA. Introduction to Globalisation Definition: Globalisation can be defined as ‘ the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa’ (Giddens 1990). It has also been described as ‘ process which embodies a transformation in the spatial organisation of social relations and transactions – assessed in terms of their extensity, intensity, velocity and impact – generating transcontinental or inter-regional flows and networks of activity’. (Held, et al 1999) In relation to Latin America (the major area of discussion of this paper) globalisation can be defined as a practice or system that has affected several of the continents most persistent problems. Such problems would be the diverse extent of economic exploitation and social disparity that has branded Latin America ever since it’s European colonisation in the sixteenth century. (Harris & Halebsky 1995) Pro-globalisation: Free trade fosters prosperity and has an extremely important characteristic that affects our way of life. This characteristic is actually it’s tendency to be able to prevent war. Extensive research has shown that trade promotes peace both directly, by reducing the danger of military divergence, and indirectly, by promoting prosperity and democracy (Weede 2004). Globalisation and free trade in the 20th century and beyond can be compared with the 19th Century expansion of empires (like the British Empire). These empires built an infrastructure in developing countries; railways, ports and beautifully constructed colonial buildings were just some of the benefits these developing countries could take advantage of. Even though these commodities weren’t built for the benefit of the developing country (they were built for British trade) they still ultimately increased these countries abilities to trade and to become technologically independent. In the 20th Century infrastructure, technology, health and education systems implemented by the world powers, in developing and developed countries, has improved the overall quality of life for people worldwide, this does not include Africa. The average GDP for all countries except Africa has gone up; however the downside is; the difference between the rich and poor countries has also increased. The reason for this is that the countries introducing themselves to the developing countries are actually gaining a much more significant benefit. Anti-globalisation: This term is more commonly attributed to the political standpoint of certain people, groups and organisations that are in opposition to certain facets of globalisation. Those in resistance often oppose large multi-national company’s dominance of global trade agreements and trade-governing bodies like WTO (the World Trade Organisation) (Graeber 2002). Otherwise known as a social movement, anti-globalisation represents its participants in their opposition to large corporations who endeavour to attain and ‘have’ attained political power. Political power can be put into effect via international trade agreements, anti globalisation activists scrutinize these agreements, stating that they quite often undermine ‘the environment, labour rights, national sovereignty, the third world, and other various aspects of our everyday lives as human beings’ (Graeber 2002). It is common knowledge that globalisation and free trade can affect developing countries negatively, however, the worlds most developed countries and the people who live within them are also affected negatively. Globalisation forces job opportunities from these developed countries to other countries around the world and low skilled workers in developed countries lose their jobs. This increases the difference between the rich populace and poorer populace in that country. The following quote, from the United Nations, backs this statement up and shows us why there are anti-globalisation activists. ‘The richest fifth of the world have 80% of the world’s income and the poorest fifth have 1%; this gap has doubled between 1960 and 2000’ (United Nations 1999) largely due to the impacts of globalisation. As displayed above, multi-national corporations play a substantial role within the theory and practice of globalisation, these corporations are powerful by nature and currently account for over 33 per cent of world output, and 66 per cent of world trade (Gray 1999). These organisations even though considered to be global companies are still heavily ‘nationally embedded’ in terms of their business activity (Hirst and Thompson 1996). Despite this; multinational corporations still have considerable economic and cultural power. The next section of this paper will talk about these companies, their branding and how they affect communities around the world. Globalisation & Multinational Companies Social Impact (How do they impact our local communities?) Branding: The main driving force for the growth of multi-national companies and the globalisation of their impact is in their brand (Klein 2001). In the mid-1980s a management theorists came up with a seemingly harmless idea that successful corporations must primarily produce brands, as opposed to products. This idea led to the exorbitant expansion of wealth and cultural influence we see in multinational companies today and over the past fifteen years (Klein 2001). ‘Brand builders are the new primary producers in our so-called knowledge economy’ (Klein 2001). Modern multinational companies have used a strait to the point yet brutally honest approach to branding over the past fifteen years. This approach is that companies should not disburse their limited capital on factories that will require physical maintenance, on equipment that will decay or on workers who will undoubtedly age and perish. As an alternative, they should focus that capital in the processes used to build their brands (Smith & Smith 2002). Multinationals: Multinational corporations are in actuality weak and vague organisations that generally display the corrosion of everyday values that afflict practically all late contemporary social institutions (Gray 1999). Diverse communities around the world are impacted and exploited by these multinational companies. They continually create or contract business in countries where they can profit from cheaper wages and assets. As discussed earlier this ‘can’ mean added wealth and infrastructure for that community. However, it quite often means increased levels of unemployment in the city/country where the industry was located beforehand. Not to mention that the wages payed and work environment in the communities where the operations are implemented are usually relatively poor (Smith & Smith 2002). Below are a few examples that articulate this situation perfectly: * ‘The numbers of people living on less than $2 per day has risen by almost 50% since 1980, to 2.8 billion-almost half the world’s population. And this is precisely the period that has been most heavily liberalized’ (World Bank 2000). * ‘The world’s poorest countries’ share of world trade has declined by more than 40 per cent since 1980 to a mere 0.4 per cent’ (UNCTAD 1999). This has been precisely the period in which the majority of multinational companies have grown exponentially, and is obviously a large factor resulting from their growth. Multinationals apart from affecting whole economic systems of countries and communities also attempt to create new markets within these communities. They search for new markets which have not yet been exploited in order to increase sales; it is typically carried out by creating new desires among target groups. The easiest target market for multinational companies to create new desires for is the child and youth market. Prized not only for the influence they have over adult spending but also for their own escalating spending power, the youth of today are one of the most profitable and influential markets (Kenway and Bullen 2001). Despite all this negative hype about multinational companies; they ‘have’ played a very significant role in the growth of globalisation. Around the world individuals and communities are linked much closer to each other and information and money flow quicker than ever before. Globalisation and it’s creation of multinationals has resulted in making goods and services in one part of the world increasingly available in ‘all’ parts of the world. International travel and communication is also much more frequent. In all globalisation has made life easier for those who can actually afford the luxuries of travel and international business. (Sourcewatch 2006). The Food Chain; Survival of the Biggest A case study of Latin America and the detrimental effects globalisation and multinational food retail companies have had on it’s local farmers. ‘Commodity prices have fallen dramatically, by some two thirds over the past 30 years, so that farmers have had to triple production just to maintain their incomes. One example among many: in just the last three years, Tanzanian farmers experienced a decline of 50% in the price of coffee.’ (OXFAM 2001) ‘While farmers earn less, consumers have been paying more.’ (O’Neill 2001) Although, according to the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organisation, Latin America produces four times the amount of food needed to feed the population, 58 million people are still malnourished. Introduction: During the 1980’s a transformation within Latin America began; this transformation was one that would shape the future of farmers all over the continent for decades to come. For some it would be a positive change, however a large majority found it to be the opposite. The transformation I talk about is opening up of trade barriers within Latin America in order to allow food retailing companies access to the regions ‘un-commercialised’ and fertile lands. During the 1990’s the revolution in food retailing within Latin America accelerated extraordinarily as countries unbolted their economies to suit conditions for financing from the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. As Latin America’s overall FDI significantly increased; multinational food retailers bought out local chains and entered joint ventures with the obstinate ones. The greatest fears for farmers in the region were realised when the multinational companies introduced unfair trade rivalry from American and European growers with weighted financial backing. Small farmers are constantly left to compete with the biggest world players as these food retailing chains (products of globalisation) move from large cities to smaller towns and from economically sound countries to ones still developing their economic and social systems (Dugger 2004). These chains are now the prevailing force in the trade of processed foods and they’re produce sales are growi ng to a similar reputation. When global food retail companies dominate a market, there are scenarios whereby it can be seen to be advantageous for all the citizens within that community. Such a scenario would be when the economy, of the region being taken over, is growing energetically and spawning decent jobs for globalisations losers, because in spite of everything the chains ‘are’ creating cheaper, cleaner and safer shopping environments for these societies. Samuel Morley, a visiting research fellow at the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), has written extensively on inequality and labour economics in Latin America, he stated that â€Å"It would be an appealing transformation of the sector if alternative jobs could be made available,† however these scenarios never seem to materialise in Latin America and other developing countries/continents around the world as they do not have economies of great strength. As Latin America’s population grows its economic situation trails further and further behind. In Latin America, 220 million of the total regional population of 500 million people are poor. The case study that I will shortly talk about outlines just how bad the situation in Guatemala is, Guatemala is actually one of Latin America’s ‘better off’ regions, with supermarkets controlling 10-15% of grocery sales. Therefore the case gives you an indication of what the more unfortunate farming communities, in Latin America, must have to endure. For example in Argentina supermarket chains control 30% of this industry and in Brazil; 50% (Dugger 2004). Rural markets shrink throughout the continent, even though the victims of globalisation are pushed to trade within them, these rural markets are slowly but surely lost in the black holes that we call multinational companies. Within a single decade Latin America’s farming communities have been transformed by food retail giants such as Ahold and Walmart. These multinational goliaths have transfigured food distribution by offering low prices, a range of choices and convenience; they are now also changing the face of food growing (Dugger 2004). This could seem positive to some, however it is far from that; there are thousands of Latin American farming communities who have been devastated by the unforseen and overwhelming challenges that these companies bring (Dugger 2004). The major visible impact that these changes have had within the farming communities over the past decade is the great increase in the number of, now penniless, farming migrants entering the urban slums of their own countries and crossing the American border to seek refuge from their new ‘corporately governed’ country side. Guatemala’s Local Farmers Suffer (Case): Within the serene confines of the extraordinarily fertile and incredibly poor Guatemala, supermarket giants have crushed farmers to the point where they are no longer able to maintain operations within the land they once called home. Guatemala was once, not long ago, a place where people swapped produce for service and service for produce, money ‘was’ required to sustain they’re everyday living, however, life was effortless and uncomplicated up until the multinational giants arrived on Latin American shores. Guatemalan man Mario Chinchilla would inspect his field of sickly tomatoes on a daily basis; he would labour all day trying to meet the requirements of the new supermarkets which had opened up in town, however no amount of labour could possibly turn his crop into the stout, flawless product that Guatemala’s leading supermarket chain offered to it’s customers (Dugger 2004). A better product at a cheaper price, it seems good all round doesn’t it, but at the end of the day it has ruined many people lives. The chain I talk about is a giant Dutch multinational company named Ahold (Worlds 3rd largest retailer). The Chain is so large it includes names such as Bi-Lo and Stop & Shop under its ‘assets’. For some time Mario headed a farmer’s cooperative that was managing to sell produce to the chain however this proved to be an ephemeral opportunity whereby the multinational chain ran away with the locals hopes and dreams, leaving them to sit in their unsold crops of rotting vegetables. The reason for this was because the multinational retailers require farmers who encompass the proficiency and capital to invest in modern farming technologies such as; ‘greenhouses, drip irrigation and pest control’ (Dugger 2004). â€Å"They wanted consistent supply without ups and downs,† said Mr Chinchilla. â€Å"We didn’t have the capacity to do it† (Dugger 2004). Inequality, rebellion and violent repression within Latin America has been a recurring problem for many decades, during the 1990’s there was already a gap between rich and poor and the supermarket chains have simply added to this gap. This time Latin America has tried a different (non-violent) approach. In order to fight for their right to live comfortably in their homeland farmers joined forces; there are rare success stories, however many (like Mario Chinchilla and his Co-op) have suffered a more common fate. In Guatemala there is a tiny farming community named Lo de Silva; more than 300 farmers who originally belonged to Mr. Chinchilla’s co-op, ‘the Association of Small Irrigation Users of Palencia’, were from this village (Dugger 2004). Out of those 300 farmers there are only 8 still enduring the torment that globalisation has brought them. These remaining farmers aren’t even able to sell to the supermarkets they sell their product to middle men for severely discounted prices; to top this off the only product the middlemen will accept from them is salad tomatoes. Mr. Chinchilla’s case is an ideal example that demonstrates how the opportunity of success for small farmers is a remote prospect to most. Small farmers are simply getting left behind due to their lack of market pull and marketing/operational techniques (Dugger 2004). A ‘survival of the biggest’ situation has been created – ‘only the big can serve the big; the small need not apply, as global companies wipe out local distinctions in establishing a level economic playing field.’ (Hannaford 2006). During the 1990’s food retail conglomerates went from controlling between 10 and 20 percent of the Latin American market to totally dominating it (Economist.com 1997). During this period, in Guatemala specifically, the quantity of supermarkets has more than doubled; as their share of food retailed has reached 35 percent. The smaller shops and open air markets still remain and retail a great deal of fruits and vegetables in Guatemala. For customers to leave these historically enriched and characterised markets and enter the newly opened supermarkets in the region, is to leave behind Guatemala and enter a commercialised shopping centre that could reside in Hong Kong or London, with it’s marked down jumbo packages and symmetrical fruits in plastic trays. None of this, however, matters unless the bottom line is understood. The bottom line is that the rules of the World Trade Organisation are actually taking second place in importance to the privately set standards of the food retail giants. Also pressures from the I.M.F. and the World Bank to allow greater foreign investment into Latin America were proposed to formulate more competitive economies for them; however it is obvious that this model didn’t have a community element at its centre. Hardships have come from; not only what I described previously (the fact that the farmers must sell they’re produce at much cheaper prices, better quality and in a more convenient matter) but also from the fact that that they are now competing with the rest of Latin America, the United States and even the world because trade borders have been opened to allow almost ‘anyone’ import and export capabilities. Rigid opposition from internationally renound growers is now a reality for Central and Latin American farmers; at a distribution centre, for a subsidiary company of Ahold in Guatemala City, shipments of ‘apples from Washington, pineapples from Chile, potatoes from Idaho and avocados from Mexico’ are brought in (Hannaford 2006). Conclusion Globalisation has positive and negative affects on our society. This paper has outlined in great detail the negative affects of globalisation and multinational food retailing companies on Latin America’s and the world’s small farmers. The reason for this is due to the fact that there were; only on occasion, very rare and unusual success stories to be found about smaller farmers succeeding in their sales to companies such as Ahold and Walmart, within Latin America. After researching farming communities’ around the globe, it can be deduced that Latin America is not alone in this battle to produce food and sell it at competitive prices, while still maintaining some sort of meaningful social existence. Asian, African and Indian farmers; have been heavily exploited. Even farmers within more developed countries such as Australia have had to sell their products at severely discounted prices in order to satisfy multinational company standards. Farmers world wide, are however, not alone. Traditional strategies of help to farmers that feel the hardships of globalisation, such as providing fertilizers and improved seeds, are no longer enough to enable them to sustain their businesses. Professors and agronomists are banding together to document trends and develop new methods of help that will allow the fleeing farmers of Latin America, Africa and Asia to compete with others in selling products to the multinationals. In the midst of the these methods a few techniques stand out, such as; regulations put upon the multinationals that require farmers be paid promptly, laws that restrain these companies from dominating entire markets (such as mergers of supermarket chains) and enhanced hygiene and convenience through technology at open-air markets. After reading this paper I hope you too can conclude it is important that societies living within the limitations of this amazing world are given the chance to experience life’s pleasures and break out of the chain of inevitable failures that multinational corporations have brought to them. Being given the chance to make an honest and fair living, is only basic compassion and mercy; two marvellous characterises that any individual can encompass. If multinational food retail companies and global companies in general were able to, in some way, display this, then Anti-Globalisation would be a much less used expression. References * Dugger, C. W., (2004) Foreign Desk Late Edition – Final, Section A, Page 1, Column 1, New York Times – December 28, Tuesday. (http://www.nytimes.com) * Economist.com, (1997) Survey: Business In Latin America – Back on the pitch, The Economist print edition. * Giddens, A., (1990) Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press. * Graeber, D., (2002) New Left Review 13, January-February issue, ‘The New Anarchist’. * Gray, J., (1999) False Dawn. The delusions of global capitalism, London: Granta. 262 pages. * Hannaford, S., (Last updated 2006) Small farmers versus oligopolies: No contest, (http://www.oligopolywatch.com). * Harris, R. L., Halebsky, S., (1995) Capital, Power, and Inequality in Latin America, chapter: â€Å"The Global Context of Contemporary Latin American Affairs†, (Boulder. CO., Westview Press.) * Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D. and Perraton, J. (1999) Global Transformations – politics, economics and culture, Cambridge: Polity Press. * Hirst, P. and Thompson, G., (1996) Globalisation in Question. London: Polity Press. * Kenway, J. and Elizabeth Bullen, (2001) Consuming Children: Entertainment, Advertising and Education, Open University Press. * Klein, N., (2001) No Logo, London: Flamingo. 490 pages. * O’Neill, B., (2001) What’s eating Us? OXFAM News. (http://www.oxfam.ca/news/WorldFoodDay/Whats_eating_us.htm) * OXFAM. (2001) Briefing Paper No 9, November. (http://www.oxfam.org.uk/search?SearchableText=Briefing+Papers&submit.x=19&submit.y=8) * Smith, M. K. and Smith, M., (2002) ‘Globalization’ encyclopaedia infed. (www.infed.org/biblio/globalization.htm) * Sourcewatch 2006 Globalisation, (Centre for Media and Democracy) http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Globalization). * UNCTAD. (1999) Conference on Least Developed Countries. (http://www.unctad.org/Templates/Page.asp?intItemID=3073&lang=1) * United Nations. (1999) Human Development Report. * Weede, E., (2004) The Independent Review, Volume 9, number 2, ‘The Diffusion of Prosperity and Peace by Globalisation’. * World Bank. (2000) Global Economic Outlook Report. Washington: World Bank.(http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,menuPK:232599~pagePK:64133170~piPK:64133498~theSitePK:239419,00.html)